Cervical Cancer

Women's Health
Written By Krystene .

By: Krystene Wray, WHNP-BC, IBCLC, PMH-C, MSCP

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the cervix—the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The cervix has two main parts:

  1. Ectocervix: The most visible portion of the cervix. The ectocervix is the outer part, which faces the vagina.

  2. Endocervix: This portion of the cervix is the inner part, which leads to the uterus.

Most cervical cancers begin in the transformation zone, where the ectocervix and endocervix meet. This area is particularly susceptible to abnormal cellular changes that can eventually lead to cancer.

How Does Cervical Cancer Develop?

Cervical cancer typically develops over time following a series of precancerous changes. These changes may also be referred to as “cervical dysplasia” or “cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)”. The changes occur when the cells of the cervix grow abnormally. If left untreated, these abnormal cells can develop into cancer.

The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV can cause changes in cervical cells that may lead to cancer. However, not all HPV infections result in cancer, as the immune system often clears the virus on its own.

Check out this post discussing HPV in further detail.

Types of Cervical Cancer

There are two main types of cervical cancer:

  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type of cervical cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. It develops in the thin, flat cells that line the ectocervix.

  2. Adenocarcinoma: This type arises in the glandular cells of the endocervix and is less common, but can be more difficult to detect.

Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

Several factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer, including:

  • Persistent HPV Infection: High-risk types of HPV, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are most strongly linked to cervical cancer.

  • Smoking: Tobacco use weakens the immune system and makes it harder to clear HPV infections.

  • Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV or medications that suppress the immune system can increase risk.

  • Multiple Sexual Partners: Having multiple partners or a partner with a high number of sexual partners increases the likelihood of HPV exposure.

    Lack of Regular Screening: Pap tests and HPV tests are critical for detecting precancerous changes early.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

In its early stages, cervical cancer often has no symptoms. This is why regular screening is so important. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse or between periods

  • Unusual vaginal discharge

  • Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

  • Increased frequency or pain during urination

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly.

Prevention and Early Detection

The good news is that cervical cancer is highly preventable and treatable when caught early. Here are some key steps to protect your health:

  1. Get Regular Screenings:

    • Pap Test: This test detects abnormal changes in cervical cells before they become cancerous.

    • HPV Test: This test identifies high-risk types of HPV.

    • Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for how often to get screened, which may vary based on your age and health history.

  2. Get Vaccinated:

    • The HPV vaccine protects against the most common high-risk types of HPV. It is most effective when given before exposure to the virus, ideally in adolescence, but it’s available for adults up to age 45.

    • Read about the HPV vaccine HERE.

  3. Practice Safe Sex:

    • Use condoms and limit the number of sexual partners to reduce your risk of HPV infection.

  4. Quit Smoking:

    • If you smoke, seek support to quit. Smoking increases your risk of cervical and other cancers.

  5. Maintain a Healthy Immune System:

    • Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and manage chronic conditions to keep your immune system strong.

Final Thoughts

Cervical cancer is a serious but preventable disease. By staying informed and proactive about your health, you can significantly reduce your risk. Regular screenings, HPV vaccination, and healthy lifestyle choices are your best defenses!

If you have questions about cervical cancer, HPV, or need help scheduling a screening, reach out to your healthcare provider.

Krystene .
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